The Music Of The World Of Music - 1292 Words

The world of music has seen many memorable composers such as Bach, Mozart, Chopin, and Vivaldi, but none of them have a story as amazing as the 18th century classical composer Ludwig Van Beethoven. â€Å"His life played out like one of his beautiful symphonies, with unimaginable highs, lows, victories, and defeats,† (Viegas 5). Although he lost his hearing when he was 26 years old, Beethoven was famous for his nine symphonies, and is also recognized as one of the cornerstones of Western civilization through the legacy of his music. Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany. He was the son of Johann, a tenor of the court of the Elector of Cologne, who also taught violin and piano lessons, and the grandson of the man he was named after,†¦show more content†¦His father, Johann, became an alcoholic as a result of never living up to his father’s musical achievements. â€Å"His greatest hope for success in life now rested on one individual - his young son Ludwig† (Viegas 12). He gave Ludwig, music lessons from when he was very young. Many accounts believe that Ludwig’s father was abusive in his lessons. So dedicated to improving Ludwig’s musicianship, he would beat him or lock him in the cellar. â€Å"Since these events took place when Beethoven was at such an impressionable age, it is hard to tell how much of his later obsession with music came from a love of the craft or from a drive instilled by his domineering father† (Viegas 13). Regardless of his father’s dominance, Beethoven s musical prodigy was very natural for him. This is proven by the fact that although his father encouraged him to play pre-existing compositions, Beethoven composed his own. In 1779, German composer Christian Gottlob Neefe took over Ludwig’s father’s role as a music teacher. Mild-mannered and well-educated, he inspired Beethoven to pursue his talent for composing music further, and in 1782, Neefe decided to publish Beethoven s compositions. As Neefe began to publicize 12-year-old Beethoven’s talents, they caught the attention of Maximilian Franz, the new elector of the region who had an appreciation for music. He had Beethoven play the viola for his court orchestra and was very

Some People Do Experience Both Anxiety And Depression

Some people do experience both anxiety and depression. Why? Let s talk a bit about both disorders and you will see how they can be somewhat related, and how one has the possibility of leading to the other. Sometimes, a person can start with one disorder and before they know it, the other one sneaks up on them. In certain circles that is called double indemnity. Want to know more? How one often leads to the other. Anxiety, simply described, is obsessive nervousness and worry. It can be related to things that happened in the past (like post traumatic stress disorder) or it can be related to something that might happen in the future (like panic disorder). Depression, on the other hand, is identified, in its simplest form, by a loss of interest and/or enjoyment in anything the person used to do, including daily activities. So it is easy to see how one of these would lead to the other, sort of a progression as it were. In other words, how can you enjoy your life if you are constantly worried and nervous? Crudely put, anxiety empties the joy out of life, and the basic definition of depression is a joyless life. So how do you treat anxiety and depression? Both anxiety and depression are unfounded thoughts and feelings that are not connected with reality, and most of time, spiral out of control. Doctors will treat both with the same or similar prescription medications. That is what they are trained to do. You might want to find out the side effects before deciding toShow MoreRelatedDepression and Anxiety Essay example1021 Words   |  5 PagesMany people feel apprehensive and miserable every now and then, but when does it take over their whole lives? Losing a loved one, doing poorly in school or work, being bullied and other hardships might lead a person to feel sad, lonely, scared, nervous and/or anxious. Some people experience this on an everyday basis, sometimes even or no reason at all. Those people might have an anxiety disorder, depression, or both. It is highly likely for someone with an anxiety disorder to also be suffering fromRead MoreAnxiety And Depression : Symptoms And Treatments Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pages Anxiety Depression Decrecia Nevels Morgan Mann Kristian Haynes Concorde Career College Abstract This paper explores anxiety and depression at length including a discussion on their similarities and differences. Other areas that will be examined in this research paper include describing just what anxiety is and how this mental disorder presents, different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms and what treatment interventions are offered that help cope with this disorder. DepressionRead MoreDepression And Mental Depression1297 Words   |  6 PagesSome people have mental health concerns from time to time throughout their life, but continual signs and symptoms can cause frequent stress and problems in daily life. 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Insanity or Feigned Madness Free Essays

Throughout William Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, the protagonist, Prince Hamlet, is faced with avenging the cruel murder of his Father. In attempts for vengeance, Hamlet feigns madness as a ploy to perform actions he would normally be prohibited from and as a way to prevent people from taking him seriously, thus allowing him to execute his plans unnoticed. He uses his ‘insanity’ as a way to vent his feelings and thoughts towards other characters as shown when he is speaking to Claudius, Gertrude and Ophelia. We will write a custom essay sample on Insanity or Feigned Madness or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hamlet blatantly states on various occasions that he in fact is not mad and even says that he will put on an â€Å"antic disposition†. He also only portrays his madness when necessary for his underlying goal, but when there is no need to deceive, Hamlet acts as a perfectly sane person would which is demonstrated when he speaks to Horatio as well as the actors. Finally in comparison to Ophelia, who is the portrait of madness and has undergone similar tragedies as Hamlet, he appears as normal as anyone else. Hamlet appears to be mad as a way to vent his emotions and conceal any action he plans to take against Claudius to avenge his father. This is part of Hamlets initial plan when he tells Horatio and Marcellus that he will â€Å"put an antic disposition on†(I. v. 173) and that they must swear not to speak a word of his feigned madness. This allows Hamlet to maintain his appearance of insanity thus allowing him to make his remarks of disgust towards Gertrude and Claudius without being punished or taken seriously as a sane prince would be. Through his act, Hamlet is able to vent his feelings towards Gertrude about how she married too soon after the death of his father and is even able to criticize her. Hamlet also uses his feigned madness as an excuse for his actions. This is shown when Hamlet apologizes to Laertes: Was’t Hamlet wrong’d Laertes? Never Hamlet: If Hamlet from himself be ta’en away, And when he’s not himself does wrong Laertes, Then Hamlet does it not, Hamlet denies it. Who does it then? His madness: if’t be so,(V. ii. 224) Even in Hamlets apology he makes it seem as though he is mad. The line â€Å"If Hamlet from himself be ta’en away† represents the modern description of madness stating that Hamlet was not all there. He also speaks about himself in third person, which is seen for the first time in the play, and also conveys the principle of madness. By apologizing in a ‘mad state of mind’, Hamlet hopes to make his insanity more believable thus making it easier for Laertes to accept it. By feigning insanity, Hamlet is able avoid questions about his peculiar behavior and is able to focus on his revenge on Claudius. Hamlet only uses his guise of madness when necessary. Proving his sanity, Hamlet is able create a play based on what the ghost of his father told Hamlet about his death. Also when telling Horatio, a scholar, of his plan Hamlet not only appeared sane but Horatio had no issues with his instructions â€Å"Observe mine uncle: if his occulted guilt Do not itself unkennel in one speech it is a damned ghost we have seen,†(III. ii. 79) Hamlet tells Horatio to watch Claudius for any signs of guilt. Showing that he is not insane, Hamlet also questions the intentions of the ghost and whether it is good or evil. If he were mad, then he would not even contemplate the intentions of the ghost. Above all Hamlet was correct with his plan and the king did in fact show signs guilt. Even other characters notice that Hamlet is not completely mad. A prime example is when Polonius was speaking to Hamlet and says, â€Å"Though this be madness, yet there is method in’t. †(II. ii. 204). Although Hamlet was able to fool Polonius that he was indeed mad, Polonius notices that Hamlet’s remarks are full of meaning and quick-witted, no easy task for a man who is truly insane but not as difficult for a man nearly playing the role. Polonius’ analysis of Hamlet proves to be true when Hamlet tells Rosencrantz and Guildenstern that he in fact is not mad. I am but mad north-north-west. When the wind is southerly, I know a hawk from a handsaw. (II. ii. 376). Though spoken in an unconventional way, Hamlet blatantly states that he is not mad. Hidden within that statement, Hamlet also was able to convey the message that he can recognize his enemies, â€Å"I know a hawk from a handsaw†. Some have analyzed this quote as an attack towards Rosencrantz and Guildenstern1. Hamlet is not mad he is merely feigning it and with his knowledge of acting he is doing an exceptional job. Similarly to Hamlet, Ophelia suffers the same tragic loss of a father. Cambridge University did a study on the effects of losing a parent and came to the conclusion that â€Å"The death of a parent imposes an unexpected crisis for most healthy, well-functioning adults. This crisis can result in high levels of physiological distress, increased risk for depression, impaired physical health, or increase alcohol consumption. These effects go largely unrecognized by everyone except those going through the loss. †(Umberson,7). This study proves true to Hamlet who undergoes similar signs of depression and physiological distress. Ophelia on the other hand shows true signs of insanity. She is unable to process thoughts logically and when she falls in the water she is unable, or unwilling, to sense the danger at hand and drowns without the slightest struggle. Unlike Ophelia, Hamlet is constantly thinking and rationalizing his possible actions. This is shown when Hamlet has the opportunity to kill Claudius: Now might I do it, now he is a-praying; and now I’ll do’t: and so he goes to heaven: and so am I revenged. That would be scann’d: A villain kills my father, and for that, I, his sole son, do this same villain send to heaven. (III,iii,74-79) Hamlet’s thoughts follow a logical progression that shows his understanding of the situations around him. With the chance to kill Claudius, Hamlet realizes that by killing him while he is repenting his sins, Hamlet would thereby be sending him to heaven and thus doing Claudius a favour. Hamlet proves that he is sane by having the ability to think logically and therefore in comparison to Ophelia he is far from madness. The question of Hamlet’s sanity is one that has been questioned since the moment Hamlet was first performed. Madness is one of the main elements driving the plot and as the play progresses, Hamlet’s depiction of a madman becomes increasingly believable. His feigned madness is a mere ploy for vengeance on Claudius and should not be mistaken for true insanity. Hamlet himself states that he is not mad and will put on an â€Å"antic disposition† and in comparison to Ophelia, Hamlet is the picture of sanity. In William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, Young Hamlet feigns madness in attempts to avenge the death of his father and although he shows signs of depression he should not be believed to be a madman. How to cite Insanity or Feigned Madness, Essay examples

The Hip-Hop Defense free essay sample

Everyone has an pollen about the Influence of helphop music on our nations youth. Many people, such as politicians and the ultra conservative, feel the influence is destructive and incites violent behavior. Some people, for instance the media, believe hip- hop glossaries inappropriate behaviors and actions while promoting the demutualization of women in general, but more specifically black women.Few people are willing to speak out and defend hip-hop music as communicative form of art. In the article In Defense of HIP Hop Kathleen Renter argues people, young and old like, are hasty to blame hip-hop In Justification of their atrocious tirades, actions, and behaviors without fully understanding what hip-hop is, and what it represents. The B word, HCI, and trick are Just a few of the demoralizing and degrading slang words spoken in relation to women in some hip-hop music.Renter uses national radio personality Don Mimes April 4, 2007 racially insensitive verbal degradation against a female basketball team as an example of how hip-hop Is a scapegoat to justify Inappropriate and offensive comments and actions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hip-Hop Defense or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Renter sakes note of the fact that Emus has a documented history of making insensitive and sometimes racial comments. If the history of Don Mimes comments reflect a pattern of disrespect, degradation, and insensitivity how can hip-hop now be blamed for his April 2007 tirade.In the immediate aftermath of the Emus Incident long-standing opponents of hip- hop music resurfaced to once again place blame on the music and the culture instead of on the individuals. Although some critics and activists were courageous enough to lay blame solely on Don Emus, others such as AH Sheraton, came out in offense of Emus stating although Emus s behavior and comments were wrong, he shouldnt be held accountable when entertainers of the hip-hop industry are not. As far back as 1970 the devil made me do it! An expression popularized by a fictional character of comedian Flip Wilson, has been the prevailing comic excuse for misdeeds. Renter entertains the Idea of hip-hop as the equivalent of the devil In that expression, she further Implies the music Is representative of hip-hop rust surroundings and environment. Anger at a lack of understanding the music before indenting it is Reentries reaction to the prejudice against hip-hop music, something everyone has done at one time or another.World famous hip-hop artist Outpace Shaker was instrumental, even after death, In Reentries decision to re evaluate her thoughts and stance on hip-hop. Tubas posthumous documentary was a vital factor In her decision to re evaluate the music and the culture. The influence of that documentary so profoundly affected Renter she devoted a section of her teaching curriculum to the study of hip-hop. Outpace Shakers documentary altered Renters entire perception of hip-h op as a music and a culture. Her eyes were opened to the meaning of the lyrics as expressions of the lives of the artists.She further states the artistic side of the music Is representative of various aspects of society, politics and spiritually as well as bridging a gap to the deferent Nell-known female hip-hop artist, and actor Bruce Willis funded a project titled The Hip-Hop Project detailing a young mans plea to the youth of his community to share their life stories and experiences through the art of hip-hop. The focus of the project encourages the group to produce a realistic and vivid image of their everyday life in the form of words and music.With the support of Bruce Willis and other well-known figures in the hip-hop industry the album was completed to the satisfaction of all parties involved. Reentries accolades to the success of the CD, indicates her complete change of mind of the subject of hip-hop. Overall, the article In Defense of Hip-Hop shows the authors willingness to open her mind to learning things she doesnt understand. Her allusions to hip-hop as a form of social commentaries to ridge the differences of society, reflects the knowledge she ascertained on her Orkney of self-discovery.

To Kill A Mockingbird Essay Thesis Example For Students

To Kill A Mockingbird Essay Thesis Jem Grows UpTo Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, has won many prestigious awards and is still a very classic and appreciated book in our society today. Jem, a character in the book, grows up and realizes that you have to step in someone elses shoes to understand why they make the decisions that they make. Once Jem saw that the knot-hole in the tree was filled with cement he started crying because he stepped into Boo Radleys shoes. Also, When Jem learned that Mrs. Dubose had died, he stepped into her shoes and then felt sorry for her. One way that shows that Jem grows up and realizes that he has to step in someone elses shoes to understand why they make the decisions that they make is when he discovers that Nathan Radley filled the knot-hole in the tree with cement. He told Jem that he filled the tree with cement due to the fact that the tree was dying, when it was obviously not. Boo was communicating with them by placing gifts in the knot-hole. Jem steps into Boos shoes at that poin t and figures out that all Boo was trying to do was communicate with the children, and putting gifts in the knot-hole was the only way he knew how to without getting a lot of attention from the public. Jem knows that if he were locked up in his own house for that long, he would try to communicate and have a little fun with children that he sees playing around in the neighborhood. That is why he cries; he knows that Boo is just trying to be nice and communicate with them, and he just doesnt understand why Nathan Radley would cut that communication between his brother and the children Another way that shows that Jem grows up and realizes that he has to step in someone elses shoes to understand why they make the decisions that they make is when he learned that Mrs. Dubose had died. When he was reading to Mrs. Dubose, he hated it, and he hated her for making him do it for so long. Once he learned that Mrs. Dubose was a morphine addict, and that her fits were from it, he ate all of his b ad comments about her. He stepped into her shoes and saw everything from her perspective. He knew that if he were in her position, he would have probably done the same thing. That is why he asks, Did she die free; he felt sorry for her, and was expressing his condolences with that question. Even though he knew that she was dead he still asks that because he felt bad for her. He thought that she was a, Old Hell-Devil!, but once he learned that she was dying, and that the fits were from the morphine, he felt real bad for calling her all of those names. We will write a custom essay on To Kill A Mockingbird Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Jem grows up and realizes that you have to step in someone elses shoes to understand why they make the decisions that they make. He is able to step into other peoples shoes simply because he is older. He looks deeper into issues and can interpret them better. By doing this, he sees peoples perspectives and this is why he eventually agrees with their actions. He is older, and that has made it so that he has had more experience in working with and understanding this rather simple process. Like people say, With age, comes wisdom. All Jem really had to do to eliminate conflicts with people was pretend he is them; he stepped into their shoes and saw things from there perspective. Then he understood why they made the choices they made.

Direct-Representative Democrac essays

Direct-Representative Democrac essays a) Define and discuss direct democracy and representative democracy. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? Critically analyze the benefits as well as the problems in light of contemporary American experience, including the California initiative process. Lets start by defining the word democracy- is a term used to describe a political system in which the people are said to rule, directly or indirectly. The government is said to be democratic if it serves the true interests of the people, whether or not those people directly affect the making of those decisions. Democracy is also looked upon as the rule of the many. Having citizens participate directly in either holding office or making policy, which is also often known as direct or participatory democracy. It is also defined as decision making by the voters themselves rather than through representatives. An example of this type of democracy would be a town meeting, in which citizens vote on major issues. Representative democracy is another political system in which leaders and representatives acquire political power by means of a competitive struggle for the peoples vote. This form of governing is used by nations that are called democratic. This type of political system has a small number of elected city councilors to make the decisions in a town meeting, unlike direct democracy, in which hundreds of representatives are involved in making the decisions. It is obvious that when different sets of hands can control political power, depending on what kinds of people become leaders, how the struggle of votes is carried on, how much freedom to act is given to those who won the struggle, and what other sorts of influence (besides the desire for popular approval) affect the leaders actions. Representative democracy is referred by some as the elitist theory of democracy. It might be seen as impractical, time c...

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Economics - Essay Example The emergence of many studies on Chinas’ FDI shows the importance of FDIs to the Chinese economy. The importance of FDI for China’s economy has been demonstrated by empirical research (Kueh, 1992; Zhan, 1993). At the micro level, studies examine technology transfer by multinational enterprises (MNEs) and linkages between foreign subsidiaries and Chinese local firms (Li and Yeung, 1999). Previous studies within these dimensions were generally qualitative and support the view that the entry and operation of MNEs promote the development of Chinese indigenous firms. Research on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the past has attracted much attention from the field of international finance and international marketing. FDI refers to a situation where, a firm invests directly in facilities to produce or market product in another country (Hill 2007:238, Sumulong et al., 2003, Buckley 2004, Shen et al., 2006). Once a corporation or firm undertakes a foreign direct investment, it becomes a Multinational Enterprise (MNE). Examples of foreign direct investment initiatives include: CEMEX a Mexican corporation operating in more than fifty countries; British petroleum, Texaco, ASDA, TESCO (Hill 2007). Hill (2007) contends that FDI takes on two main forms: Greenfield investment, mergers and acquisitions. Hill (2007) went further and argues that, in Greenfield investment, the firm in question establishes a new operation in a foreign country while the later involves acquiring or merging with an existing firm in the country. Acquisition however is usually hostile, because this is usually done against the wish of management (e.g. CEMEX’s acquisition of RMC of Britain and Southland in the United States (Hill 2007, Buckley 2004). In the years that follow after the Second World War, trade and investment have become increasingly intertwined. Within the first few decades after the war, most countries

The purpose of the study is to determine if long-term reductions in Dissertation

The purpose of the study is to determine if long-term reductions in employee compensation, benefits, and incentives directly aff - Dissertation Example Having a clear understanding of the motivation of employees is tremendously significant to managers as well as the supervisors, particularly in the industries today where the limited budgets make it complicated to reward workers monetarily. The supervisors have to possess a clear idea of how the monetary incentives can motivate the employees to work harder in an organization (Bin Saeed, 1985). In order to analyze the effect of the long-term reductions in employee compensation, benefits, and incentives directly affecting the State of Colorado workers’ motivation, job satisfaction and morale, it is important to include the two well-known motivational theories i.e. Herzberg’s two factor theory (1959) as well as Adam’s equity theory (1963), into the project’s theoretical framework. The Herzberg’s Two-factor theory (1959), also commonly known as the motivation-hygiene theory, implies that there are certain factors at a workplace that result in job satisf action, while an entirely different set of factors cause employee dissatisfaction (Herzberg, 1959). According to the theory, employee motivation is influenced by two distinct factors. Psychological well-being and satisfaction were factors of the ‘motivation factors’, while dissatisfaction resulted from the ‘hygiene factors’. ... n the other hand, employee dissatisfaction is usually a result of missing extrinsic motivation factors or the hygiene factors, that include pay, security, conditions, and so on (Wigdor & House, 2006). If we take into consideration the decrease in hygiene factors of the State Workers for e.g. pay, security, and fringe benefits we see that over the previous 3 fiscal years (2007-2010) there was a decrease in typical intrinsic motivators (opportunities of advancement, statewide hiring, and promotion freeze). Herzberg’s theory helps explains the reasons for lack of motivation among the Colorado employees and their consistent job dissatisfaction. As the hygiene factors decrease, the employees lose their motivation to work and this is presumably characteristic of the department of EHS at CSU, since a steady decline in their motivational levels, job satisfaction and productivity is seen. Herzberg’s two factor theory can also be connected to Maslow’s levels of hierarchy i n order to provide comprehensive understanding of the fact that negligent incentives can contribute to employee dissatisfaction. Abraham H. Maslow made an effort to devise a needs-based structure of human motivation. Moreover, White & Pierce (2000) also imply that the foundation of Maslow’s motivation theory suggests that human beings are pushed forward by unsatisfied wants, and that some lower  factors need to be fulfilled before higher needs can be satisfied. According to Maslow, the needs can be divided into certain categories such as physiological, survival, safety, love, and esteem, that must be fulfilled before a person can act selflessly. He gave these needs the name of "deficiency needs" (White & Pierce, 2000). Relating the research of Maslow as well as Herzberg, we understand that their

Parkinson's Disease Discussion Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Parkinson's Disease Discussion - Research Paper Example Management of motor response changes, for example, nighttime deterioration, dyskinesias, early morning deterioration, and psychiatric problems can only be successful if there are strategies for treatment. Although tremendous efforts and developments have been made in comprehending the pathophysiology that lie beneath this condition, the cause is not yet known, and there is no treatment that is curative. This paper will look at the video â€Å"My Father, My Brother, and Me†, and attempt to discuss issues that surround Parkinson’s disease. Firstly, there is a personal drive to understand Parkinson’s disease. The disease has affected the actor’s family members. During his undertakings, he meets with various remarkable people who are doing research about the disease. The researcher’s meeting with frozen heroin addicts results in a monumental step forward. An individual who had suffered from this disease got a reformed living by going through the surgery of the brain. Moreover, he encountered a geneticist who assisted in identifying some of the mutations responsible for Parkinson disease. It has also been noted by specialists that at least six genes can cause Parkinson’s disease. Secondly, there is a belief that the debate involving genetics and environment is adequate because there has not been an answer to it. A development of the connection between genetics and environment has led to the improvement of Parkinson’s disease research hugely in the last few years. Thirdly, it is fascinating to know that even with the progression in the embryonic cell therapies; the research was stopped in 2006 by the former United States president, George Bush. He did this by vetoing the bill that was supposed to increase funding for stem cell research. He was largely responding to pressure from various religious groups. Fourthly, there is an illustration of the different treatment, medication of interest,

A Comparison of Taylor and Fayols Management Theories

A Comparison of Taylor and Fayols Management Theories Introduction The purpose of this essay is to discuss the two management philosophies from Taylor’s and Henri Fayol’s. One management theory is focus on task while another is focus on people. Both theories have made contributions in modern management practices. We will discuss the theories and outline their efficiency and effectiveness in the current firms. FW Taylor Philosophy Taylor’s management theory focuses on task management. This theory is called â€Å"scientific management† or â€Å"Taylorism†. He found that two different workers performing the same task will have different outcome and the number of output. He categorized them as first class worker and average worker (Sheldrake J, 2003a). The first class workers are highly motivated and work efficiently rather than wasting time or restricting output. They are ideal works for many industries, but not all workers are first class workers, most of them are average workers. They only work slow and easy until the wages they get paid. As the result, it drives down the production efficiency, because workers are not motivated. Thus, Tayloer’s task management develops the theory to show how to motivate workers toward a greater work performance and productivity. This theory is important to many industries firms; it helps them to using less time to increase more production efficiency. This management benefits firms create more output while still paying fair wage to the workers. The aim for this theory is to reduce inefficiency toward the output performance. Taylor suggested the wage levels based on output which means the workers will only be paid by the amount of their productivity. The more output they produced, the more wage they are paid. Thus, it drives their motivation toward a better standard. It doesn’t just increase the efficiency, but also reduce the working hours. There are seven approaches to improve the productivity in this theory. Select the appreciated workers and observe them to perform the tasks. Then record the time taken for each task and identify the quickest method. The last three are providing training, supervise workers to ensure the â€Å"best way† is carried out and pay workers on the basis of results (St impson P F. A, 2010). In order to apply Taylor’s approaches, the task has to be specialized, so workers don’t have to be trained all the time and always under-supervised. However, Taylor’s task management has two advantages and two disadvantages. When we look at work specialization, it can increase the efficiency by using the minimum resources such as time or labor. It means that it is not helpful if the output is produced at the maximum outcome while waste many resources. Using minimum resources to produce the maximum result increases the work efficiency and also production efficiency. The other advantage from Taylor’s theory, a specialized work means a profession. The problems will be solved easily, because workers are clearly known what went wrong and how to solve the problems. Workers are always familiar with what they do, so they won’t waste time on finding out the solution for specific problem. Therefore, the work specialization doesn’t just explain the effi ciency in outcome, but also increase the efficiency in process. On the other hand, there are two disadvantages on work specialization. The first one is a specialized work always make workers feel board, because they are doing the same thing at the same time for 40 hours a week, 365 days a year. As the result, It can cause many problems such as workers feel sick at their work. In addition, they won’t be careful on every single task which leads mistakes. Hence, work specialization is only beneficial in the short-run, because in the long-run, the work can become inefficient when workers making a lot of mistakes. The other disadvantage is high cost if the workers are resigned, retired or anything that makes them to stop work in the firm. The costs are included firms spending money to look for another new workers and it takes time for them to familiarize the task. In addition, the skills that were taught in the training, workers could reveal the skills to other competitor firms. It can be a cost as well. Thus, we can see that work specializatio n doesn’t necessarily exact management. Even though the efficiency in output results increases, but other factors will drive the efficiency down. Henri Fayol’s Philosophy In the Henri Fayol’s theory, he focuses on the administration and learning experience from people in the management. In his philosophy, he thinks that to manage people (worker), a firm should have a tight control. He has discovered 14 approaches and only few will be explained in this essay (Sheldrake J, 2003b). The first one is division of work; it doesn’t mean work specialization, but workers share different task to different activities. It is slightly different than Taylor’s, the work here specialized the activities or departments rather than work specialized. Subsequently, it is authority, a firm should decide who has the power to command or give order to employees. The power flow is important, because without a clear authority, it is difficult to make the final decision inside the firms. A clear discipline is essential, because it is the agreement between firm and employees. The discipline can keep workers have an appreciate behavior. The discipline also shows a clear warnings, fines, suspensions, demotions and dismissals if workers are out of the line (Sheldrake J, 2003b) The third approach is unity of command, it is similar with authority, but it shows a clear command of orders. It means that workers will only listen to only one command and no one else. Without the chain of command, the workers are always confused who should they listen to. The next approach is centralization which means whether the decision is made by top manager or in the lower managers. There are some departments in a firm, centralized decision means only one person; the top manager makes the final decision. On the other hand, decentralized is the decisions can be made by lower managers when it is related to their field of activities. The last one is equality; a firm should treat every workers the same no matter their performance. Everyone should be equal and have certain power to speak or have a say (Sheldrake J, 2003b). There are again two advantages and disadvantages in Henri Fayol’s philosophy. It is difficult to identify them in the general management, but some approaches are useful and also have limitations. We can find them from centralization structure. The advantage from centralization is tight control. The top manager always knows what’s going on inside the firm. However, the disadvantage is time inefficiency. On the other hand, a decentralized structure can also have advantage and disadvantage. If the decision is made in the lower management department, it could save a lot of time to process the information to the top manager. The reason is the decision is made immediately by the lower manager; it is time efficient, because the problems/issues will be solved immediately rather than ask the permission. However, because the information is limited in the lower management department, as the result, the decision can be erroneous. Hence, if the decision is made by the entire lower d epartments, those decisions are not consistent to each other. The other approach from Henri Fayol’s will also have advantage and disadvantage. For example, the authority, a grant permission to all the power to one manager. It can be a disaster, because he might not listen to other people’s opinions or ideas. It can cause the firms have gone terribly just because he has made a huge mistakes. On the other hand, it is time efficiency and a clear responsible person if there are small mistakes. For an instance, too many ideas in the discussion, it takes a lot of times to process and choose the final decision. However, if one person has authority, he could make the decision immediately without another word. Efficiency and effectiveness In the modern management practices, Taylor’s management can only be helpful in some situation. We have seen that the work focuses have ignored many human requirements. Unlike the workers in the past, the workers these days demand more their personal desires, wants and rights. They cannot stand doing the same work for everyday in their life. It is not just about emotional whether they feel bored. However, also they want to do more other works that doesn’t have to sit there all day or cannot have fresh air. This type of management requires workers psychologically fit in the position. For example, some old or retired people, because they cannot do too much physical works, but are patient at specialized works which is more interesting than doing nothing. In order to solve the problems, workers should switch the works between each other frequently. It means this month they specialized this part of components and doing the other in the next month. As the result, it can avoid to ignore human requirements. However, this management theory is the best concept to demonstrate the work efficiency. If a firm wants to maximize the work efficiency immediately in the short-run without caring other issues, this is probably the best and the most suitable ways. Moreover, job specialization creates a clear work tasks for workers and the owner. In the company’s administration, the manager knows who responsible to which activities, so it can minimize the conflicts inside the firm. The reason is a clear administrative, shirk or push away their responsibilities which is easier for the manager and workers. In the modern’s management, Fayol’s theory is widely used, because it concerns many factors in work force such as authority, chain of command or centralization. Without these approaches, even though the productivity is efficient, but it would cause many problems inside the environment and makes workers unwilling to stay with the firm. Fayol’s theory makes management practice less complicated. For example, without authority, it will cause many conflicts that nobody is listening to anyone. The reason is they think they have power to make the decision and when it decision is made differently, the firm will not doing the same job toward the same purpose of it. Subsequently, without the unit of command, workers are confused who should they listen to. Whose order is right for them and who should hold the responsibilities for their works? It is not easy to blame or reward everybody just because one task has done great. The person who gives orders or command also represents the team to receive the request from the owner or the firm. As the result, he/she would arrange the schedule or assign the works separately to the workers. If the unit of command is successes, it can increase the efficiency of internal communication as well. Therefore, with the modern management practices, there are so many workers and my works inside a firm, Fayol’s management theory is very popular and widely used in current management practice. Conclusion In conclusion, the two management theories have made certain contribution in current management work force. They are still un-forgettable nowadays. References Sheldrake J, (2003a), Management Theory, Chapter 2 F.W. Taylor and scientific management, pg 14 – 26, 2nd ed, Thomson learning, Retrieved 25 February 2015 Sheldrake J, (2003b), Management Theory, Chapter 5 Henri Fayol and administration, pg 46 – 55, 2nd ed, Thomson learning, Retrieved 26 February 2015 Stimpson P Farquharson A, (2010), Business Studies, Chapter 9 Motivation, Pg 156, 2nd ed, Cambridge University Press, Retrieved 25 February 2015

Diverse Australian Biomes Adapting :: Adaptation Australia Essays

Diverse Australian Biomes Adapting Australia is a land of rather extreme weather conditions and widely diverse climates that force the vegetation living there to adapt in many interesting ways. Australia is the driest continent, and biomes such as grasslands and savannas are prime sources of widespread catastrophic fires. The plants that grow in the vast arid and semi-arid regions of Australia are prone to fires simply because of the desert climates that they grow in. High temperatures combined with low fuel moisture contents, little humidity and drying winds that sweep across the landscape encourage many of the plants living in these areas to burst into flames at fairly frequent intervals. Serotinous cones, protective bark, intricate underground recovery systems, unique seed distributions and even the necessity of fire for reproduction are just some of the amazing ways that the major plant families which grow in these fire-prone areas have learned to adapt to their environments. History of fires in Australia Australia is currently the driest continent in the world and has a vast history of fire to prove it. Bushfires in the Adelaide Hills were first described and recorded in 1827, and have occurred at frequent intervals since that time. Fire weather can reach extremes in places such as Rudall River National Park in NW Western Australia. Temperatures are often above 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit), dew points can drop to —37 degrees Celsius, and the winds, uninhibited by trees, can reach speeds of 50-60 km/h (31-37 mph) at any given time in the year. The fuels there may appear to be completely dead, and gaps between plants may be a meter or more (Gill, 1995). In 1966 a massive fire at Brooyar, Queensland had flame heights of 20-25 meters (65-82 feet). In addition to being devastating, the fires are also very unpredictable. A bushfire in the Baulkham Hills in January of 1975 completely destroyed property and some homes, while leaving others untouched. Serious fires occur in the Dandenog Ranges at frequent intervals, and housing there has always been a difficult problem with fire control [3]. Fire has also been used for centuries as an important tool for land management (O’Neill, 1993). Necessary Conditions For Fire Plants that grow in the vast arid and semi-arid regions of Australia are prone to fires simply because of the desert climate they grow in. High temperatures, low fuel moisture contents, little humidity and drying winds that sweep across the landscape encourage small patches of plants to burst into flames.